Swedish recycling and beyond

Everyone must separate their food waste – by law

As of 2024, a new Swedish law declares that everyone must separate their food waste – this goes for households and businesses alike. It's also manadatory for all of Swedens local authorities to provide separate collection of food waste.

This has already been done for years in many parts of the country, but it hasn't been regulated by law until now.

Food waste is a great source of energy and is used, among other things, as biogas – to replace fossil fuels.

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Video: How to separate your food waste in Sweden

Beyond recycling

The problem today is that many vital products are hard to dispose of. A new movement is gaining ground that seeks to ensure everything can be reused somehow.

Circular economy is an approach that involves using products that can be reused completely, a so-called cradle-to-cradle approach. In 2018 the Swedish government even established a special advisory group for circular economy, Delegationen för cirkulär ekonomi (link in Swedish), to help make circular economy a key part of government policy.

Changing Swedish recycling behaviour

At the forefront of this movement is a startup that sprang out of Stockholm’s buzzing design scene. Beteendelabbet (link in Swedish), Swedish for ‘the behaviour lab’, tries to find innovative solutions to sustainable living. Building on Sweden’s industrial design heritage and recruiting from Stockholm’s renowned design schools, the company has its sights set on transforming how Swedes live.

Ida Lemoine is the founder of Beteendelabbet: ‘We think people need services that make it easy to do the right thing’, she says. ‘We need to make it possible for ourselves as consumers to share and reuse all kinds of gadgets, clothes and furniture, and even our workspaces and homes.’

Swedish recycling, repairs and research

In 2017 the Swedish government reformed the tax system so that people could get cheaper repairs on used items. Since 2020 H&M customers in Stockholm can have their unwanted garments transformed into new pieces of clothing through a garment-to-garment recycling system called Looop (video). In this system H&M cleans the old garments, then shreds them into fibres and spins them into new yarn, which is then knitted into new fashion favourites.

Meanwhile, researchers are working on finding new clothing materials that are less damaging to the environment.

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A dress made of 50 per cent post-consumer cotton and 50 per cent wood!

Stepping up from recycling

‘A good starting point is to look at how we can change our habits and everyday behaviour’, Lemoine from Beteendelabbet says. She and her team use the concept of ‘nudging’, making small changes to people’s surrounding and lifestyle to help them live sustainably.

‘The three things consumers can do that will make a huge difference are: to eat less meat, stop throwing stuff away and fly less. If we all do a bit of these three then we’ll be well on our way’, she says.

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The pant system

Sweden has long had a can and bottle deposit system that gives people money back when they recycle – since 1984 for aluminium cans, and since 1994 for plastic bottles. Each year Swedes recycle more than 2 billion bottles and cans using the so-called pant system. It even has its own verb in Swedish, panta.

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Transforming waste collection – underground!

Doing the dirty work

Sweden’s reuse revolution would not be possible without those who do the literal dirty work of handling Sweden’s rubbish.

The Swedish Waste Management Association works to facilitate the move towards a circular economy, where people use products for longer and in smarter ways. This includes motivating and guiding citizens and consumers to change their behaviour. But it's also about providing the infrastructure needed for people to do the necessary sorting for themselves.

The increased threat of climate change has also led Sweden to use waste to power everything from buses to apartment heating systems. Rubbish is burnt in low-carbon incinerators and food waste is turned into climate-friendly biogas fuel.

Towards the future of Swedish recycling

For Daniel Silberstein and Charlie, the future begins at home.

‘Friends shouldn’t throw rubbish on the ground’, Charlie says, and her dad agrees:

‘In the future we’ll look at the old style of recycling the way we look at fossil fuels and landfill sites today. It will all seem crazy.’